Direct plus indirect energy and greenhouse gas emissions intensity, by industry (38100098)

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The intensity indicators of the physical flow accounts are simple multipliers that capture the sum of direct and indirect effects. They are based on the assumption that households are exogenous and that there is no feedback between wages and production (i.e. there is no induced effect included in the calculation).

Simple multiplier = (direct + indirect effects) / $ 1.00 exogenous final demand.

It is generally acknowledged that simple multipliers underestimate economic impacts since induced households activity is absent. They can be considered as lower bounds of multiplier effects.