Low-income status of person

Status: This standard was approved as a recommended standard on March 21, 2016.

Definition

Low-income status refers to the income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

Person refers to an individual and is the unit of analysis for most social statistics programs.

Usage

The prevalence of low income is the number or percentage of persons in low income.

Beyond the prevalence of low income, various low-income indicators can be derived and used to capture the depth of low income.

The low-income gap measures by how many dollars an income falls below a low-income line. The low-income gap ratio expresses the low-income gap as a proportion of the applicable low-income line.

Statistics such as average and median of the gap and gap ratio provide measures of depth of low income for the low-income population.

For those who are not in low income, the gap and gap ratio would have a value of zero. For those who are in low income with no or negative income, the gap is set to be the amount specified by the applicable low-income line. The gap ratio indicator would thus be equal to 1.

Low-income status for person can be measured using five different low-income concepts. For more information on these concepts, refer to the Measurements section.

Conformity to relevant internationally recognized standards

There are no relevant internationally recognized standards.

Measurements

  • 'Market Basket Measure (MBM)' refers to Canada's official measure of poverty, which is based on the cost of a specific basket of goods and services representing a modest, basic standard of living. The MBM thresholds represent the cost of a basket of food, clothing and footwear, shelter, transportation, communication services, and other expenses for the MBM reference family in each MBM region. The square root of economic family size is the equivalence scale used to adjust the MBM thresholds for other family sizes. This adjustment for different family sizes reflects the fact that a family's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases. June 09, 2026 to current
  • 'Low-income cut-offs, after-tax (LICO-AT)' refers to income thresholds, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). March 21, 2016 to current
  • 'Low-income cut-offs, before-tax (LICO-BT)' refers to income thresholds, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their total income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their total income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). March 21, 2016 to current
  • 'Low-income measure, after-tax (LIM-AT)' refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases. March 21, 2016 to current
  • 'Low-income measure, before-tax (LIM-BT)' refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median adjusted total income of private households. The household total income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases. March 21, 2016 to current
  • 'Market Basket Measure (MBM)' refers to Canada's official measure of poverty based on the cost of a specific basket of goods and services representing a modest, basic standard of living. The threshold represents the costs of specified qualities and quantities of food, clothing, footwear, shelter, transportation and other necessities for a reference family of two adults and two children. The square root of economic family size is the equivalence scale used to adjust the MBM thresholds for other family sizes. This adjustment for different economic sizes reflects the fact that an economic family's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases. November 29, 2021 to June 08, 2026
  • 'Market Basket Measure (MBM)' refers to the measure of low income based on the cost of a specific basket of goods and services representing a modest, basic standard of living developed by Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC). The threshold represents the costs of specified qualities and quantities of food, clothing, footwear, transportation, a shelter and other expenses for a reference family of two adults and two children. The square root of economic family size is the equivalence scale used to adjust the MBM thresholds for other family sizes. March 21, 2016 to November 28, 2021

Classifications

Additional information

As a statistical agency, Statistics Canada's role is to publish measures of poverty and low income based on consistent and well defined methodology and to update these measures to reflect the current state of the Canadian society and economy. These measures allow for the reporting of important trends in poverty, low income and economic well being, such as identifying those who are substantially worse off than average and tracking the changes in composition of those below poverty or any given low-income line over time. See "Low Income Lines: What they are and how they are created" and "Low Income in Canada - A Multi-line and Multi-index Perspective" from the Income Research Paper Series for detailed definitions and discussions of each line.

In 2018, the Government of Canada released "Opportunity for All - Canada's First Poverty Reduction Strategy". Based on the recommendation of this strategy, the government designated the Market Basket Measure of low income as Canada's official poverty line under the Poverty Reduction Act in 2019, and set poverty reduction targets for 2020 and 2030 that aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals to end poverty. Progress on meeting these targets is discussed in "We can do better: it is not a safety net if the holes are this big - the 2025 report of the National Advisory Council on Poverty".

The MBM was developed by Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) and Statistics Canada. Full details on the current MBM methodology adopted upon the completion of the third comprehensive review of the MBM can be found in the article 'The proposed methodology for the 2023-base Market Basket Measure of poverty' housed within the Dimensions of Poverty Hub.

Of the 5 measures, only the MBM, LIM-AT and LIM-BT are currently applicable in the territories. The LIM-AT and LIM-BT are also applied for on-reserve geographies. Statistics Canada defines income in the same way on and off reserve, which provides a common conceptual base upon which income comparisons can be made. However, income statistics explicitly exclude certain sources of income, such as the value of food produced for own consumption, and the value of subsidized housing. The importance of these exclusions can differ from region to region, and they may be more important to the on-reserve (and territorial) than the off-reserve populations. Likewise, although tax-exempt income earned on reserve is included in the income concept, and captured through the T1, T4 and other government-provided slips, Statistics Canada is unable to measure all tax-exempt income on reserve. Finally, it should be noted that differences in cost of living across different geographies are not accounted for in the LIM-AT or the LIM-BT.

Relation to previous version

  • Low-income status of person March 21, 2016 to current

    The Market Basket Measure has been designated as Canada's official poverty line.

  • Income status of person September 11, 2013 to March 20, 2016

    This standard was replaced by the 'Low-income status of person' as of March 21, 2016.

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